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Codes at the movies

Films love a code. They usually get the feeling right and the work wrong: on screen a cipher falls in seconds, and someone clever sees the whole answer at once. Real code-breaking is mostly patient checking, which is harder to film.

The Imitation Game
Enigma, and the room full of people it actually took to break it.
A Christmas Story
A decoder pin, a Caesar wheel, and the best joke ever made about a secret message.
National Treasure
An Ottendorf cipher on the Declaration of Independence, which is a book cipher wearing a hat.
The Goonies
A map, a riddle and a treasure hunt, which is a capture the flag with better lighting.
Windtalkers
Navajo code talkers in the Pacific, where a submarine was called an iron fish.
The Lord of the Rings
The beacons of Gondor: one single piece of information, sent hundreds of miles in minutes.
Sherlock Holmes and the Dancing Men
Stick figures broken by counting letters. Read the story, it is better than any film of it.
Contact
A message from space that opens with prime numbers, because counting is the same everywhere.

What films always get wrong

Speed. On screen a cipher falls in seconds, usually while somebody stares at it and gasps. Real code-breaking is mostly patient checking: counting letters, trying a guess, being wrong, and starting again. Bletchley Park employed ten thousand people because that work does not fit in one clever head.

The lone genius. Films need a hero, so a room becomes a person. The Enigma machine was not broken by one man in a hut: Polish mathematicians got there first, before the war, and thousands of people carried it on, most of them women, almost none of whom told anybody for thirty years.

The typing. Nobody breaks a cipher by typing furiously while symbols scroll past. When a computer is involved it is doing something dull very fast, and the person is waiting.

What they get right is the feeling: that a page of nonsense might be hiding something, and that finding out is worth staying up for. That part is true.

Books worth more than any of the films

The Adventure of the Dancing Men by Arthur Conan Doyle. Stick figures on a wall, broken by counting which one appears most. It is a real cipher, really broken, in a short story a child can read in an afternoon. Every code-breaking scene ever filmed is a worse version of it.

The Gold-Bug by Edgar Allan Poe. A substitution cipher solved on the page, step by step, with the reasoning shown. It taught frequency analysis to a generation of Americans and it still works.

Codes, Ciphers and Secret Writing by Martin Gardner, which is where this site started.

Break one yourself What really happened